pd,aia ,xldjg wdjdu lk;a;la n,kak;a hkjÆiqoaoka j< oeuQ uykqjr .eßika iqidkh fï Èkj, uykqjr .eßika iqidk NQñhg hk ldg;a tys fidfydka fld;aj, ne÷Kq Èhiffj, iQrd tajdfha jejqKq je,a j¾. bj;a lr wjg ;K we;sßhg kj fmkqula fok wkaou oel.kakg ,efí' n%s;dkH hg;a úð; hq.fha ,xldfõ§ urKhg m;a iqoaoka ie;fmk u<jqkaf.a f,dalhg;a tf,i kj fmkqula ,nd§u isÿjkafka fmdÿrdcH uKav, rdcH kdhl iuq¿jg meñfKk n%s;dkH pd,aia l=ure uykqjr ixpdrh w;r;=r fuu bmerKs fidfydka NQñhg;a meñ”ug kshñ; ksidh' fuys ñh.shjqka mjikafka wmg i;=gq úh yels l;djla kï fkdfõ' fï mqoa.,hka w;ßka jeä msßila ;=jlal=fõ n,fhka isxy,hka u¾okh l< n%s;dkHfhda fj;s' tfy;a fuys mqrdúoHd;aul iy ft;sydisl jákdlu by<h' th wfma b;sydifha me;slvla újr lrk ìuls'
o<od ueÿr wi, we;s cd;sl fl!;=ld.drh udhsï lrñka Èfjk ud¾.h .eßika iqidkhg jeà we;' fomilska Wvj;a; lef,a udhsï jk fï ìïlv úYd,;ajfhka m¾pia 120ls' jk jÿ,ska jeiS meje;s fuh 1998 § pd,aia l=udrhdf.a Y%S ,xld ixpdrh ksñ;af;ka ixrlaIKh lr ;sfí' Bg miq h<s;a pd,aia l=udrhd ksidu 2013 § fuys fidfydka fld;a w¿.idoud kj fmkqula ,nhs'
uykqjrg msúfik jeä fokl=f.a wjOdkhg ,la fkdjk mqrdúoHd;aul jákdlula iys; wmQre .=ma; l;kaor /ila r|jd.;a ìï lvls" .eßika iqidk NQñh' .eßika hkq fin¿kaf.a /|jqï fmd<h' wjqreÿ 133 la lkao Wvrg Y%S ,xldj md,kh l< n%s;dkH wêrdcHjd§ hq.fha u;l igykaj,ska fuu fidfydka ìu msÍ mj;S' wêrdcHjd§kaf.a wjYH;djka imqrd,Sug bx.%Sis cd;slhka ú¢ ÿla .eyeg o fuys§ wmg fy<sorõ fõ' thg fya;=j fuys we;s fidfydka w;ßka nyq;rhl ie;fmkafka ;dreKHfha fyda <dnd, wjêfhaÈ Ôú;h yer.shjqka ùuhs'
fuu wl,a urKj,g fya;=j furg foaY.=Kh fkd.e<mSu uef,aßhdj" we;=¿ f,v frda." jk i;=ka myr §ï yÈis wk;=re wdÈh nj fidfydka fld;aj, lsß.reඬ mqjrej, we;s igyka lshjk úg meyeÈ,s fõ' 1808§ ,xldjg meñK 1821 f;la furg úiQ n%s;dkH yuqod Y,H ffjoHjrhl= jQ fykaß ud¾I,a i|yka lrk wkaoug furfܧ hqfrdamSh yuqod ks,OdÍkaf.a jd¾Isl idudkH urK ixLHdj 1000lg 75la úh' th Tjqkaf.a uõ rfܧ fuka mia .=Khls' 12)2 uykqjr yd wjg úiQ bx.%Sis cd;slhka ñysoka lsÍug fhdodf.k we;s fuu iqidkh uq,skau Ndú; lr we;af;a 1817§h' fuys wjika jrg u< isrerla NQuodkh lr we;af;a 1909§h' 1865§ uyhshdj iqidkh wdrïN l< miq fuys jeo.;alu wvqù f.dia we;' 1914 ieliqKq ñkskafodare ie,iqulg wkqj fuys ta jk úg ;snQ fidfydka fld;a ixLHdj 163ls' .eßika iqidkfha ie;fmk ishÆ fokd l%sia;shdks ne;su;ayq fj;s'
yuqod ks,OdÍka" by< rdcH ks,OdÍka jeú,slrejka yd Tjqkaf.a ìßhka iy orejka wd§yq fuys iudodkfha ie;fm;s' iuyr fidfydka fld;a lsß.reඬ mqjrej,ska w,xldr leghï iys;j bÈ lr we;' w,xldr l=rei iy u,a fudaia;r wdÈh tajdfha oel.; yelsh' fuu leghï mqjre tx.,ka;fhka fuys f.kjq;a iúlrkakg we;' iuyr fidfydka .fvd,aj,ska iy l¿.,aj,ska ;kd ;sfí' fuys tla úfYaI;ajhla kï tlu mjq,g wh;a idudðlhka tl <Ûska ñysoka lsÍu isÿj ;sìuhs' ìß| wi,u ieñhdf.a fidfydk wd§ jYfhks' fidfydka M,lj, ñh.sh mqoa.,hka ms<sn|j úia;r iys;j igyka lr ;sfnk ksid wo;a krUkakkag ;rul wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels jkq we;'
fld;auf,a uiafl<sh" frdie,a, jeks ÿr l÷lr m%foaYj, isg iuyr jeú,slrejkaf.a isrere fuys /f.k ú;a NQuodkh lr we;s nj mejfia' m%jdyk iy ud¾. myiqlï wo fuka fkd;snQ tl, ta i|yd úYd, mßY%uhla orkakg we;s nj ksielh' jeäysáhkaf.a fukau b;d l=vd ì,s÷ fidfydka o .eßika iqidkfha oel.; yelsh'
fuys fidfydka w;ßka úYd,u fidfydk bÈ lr ;sfnkafka Wvrg hg;a lr .ekSfï lghq;af;a § úYd, fufyjrla bgq l< fcdaka fvdhs,s fjkqfjks' uykqjr fkajdisl ksfhdað; jQ Tyq Y%S ,xldfõ rdclSh iNdfõ ksfhdað;fhl= o úh' isxy, bf.kf.k isxy,hka iy n%s;dkHhka w;r iïnkaëlrKh l< Tyq 1774 cqks 11 Èk tx.,ka;fha Wm; ,nd 1824 uehs 25 Èk uykqjr § ñhf.dia we;'
.eßika iqidkfha ie;fmk ;j;a mqoa.,fhl= jk lemagka f–ïia uela.a,dika 1791§ Wm; ,nd 1817§ ñhf.dia we;' 19 jk rdclSh frðfïka;=fõ fiajh lrñka rgrgj, hqoaOj,g iyNd.s jQ Tyq ñhhk úg jhi wjqreÿ 27ls' urKhg fya;=j uef,aßhd WKhs' fuys ;sfnk ;j;a lemS fmfkk fidfydka .enla kï wdKavqldr ú,shï f.ar.ßf.a ìß| jQ t<sifn;a f.ar.ß fidfydkh' uykqjr isg wkqrdOmqrhg .sh .uklska miq wikSm ù weh wjika yqiau fy<d we;' 1817§ Wm; ,enQ weh ñhf.dia we;af;a 1873§ cQks 28od tkï jhi wjqreÿ 56§h' 12)1fuys ;j;a fidfydka fld;la ú,shï pd,aia uelafrâf.ah' Tyq ie,<sysks ixfoaYh bx.%Sishg mßj¾;kh l< n%s;dkH isú,a fiajlfhls' Tyq ñhf.dia ;sfnkafka 1871 fkdjeïn¾ 11 Èk mq;a;,fï § nj i|ykah' Tyq ñysoka lr we;af;a Tyqf.a Èkla jhie;s mq;%hdf.a fidfydk wi,uh'
Æ;skka fckrd,a fcdaka fma%i¾ n%s;dkHfha hq.fha isá úYsIag bxðfkarejl= jk w;r fmardfoKsfha§ uyje,s .Û yryd 1833 nqre; oej md,u bÈ lf<a Tyqf.a ie,iqulg wkqjh' yuqod fiajfhka miqj Tyq uykqjrg kqÿre ydr.u mdf¾ bvula ñ,§f.k fldams j.djla mj;ajdf.k .sfhah' 1862 uehs 29 od ñh.sh Tyqf.a fidfydk o fuys ;sfí' Tyqf.a ìß| yeßhÜ fma%i¾f.a fidfydk o Bg kqÿrej bÈ lr we;' weh iu. <orejd iy orejka isõ fokdf.a fidfydka o we;' fuys ñysoka l< wjidk mqoa.,hd f,i b;sydi .; ù we;af;a f–ïia fykaß fma%i¾h' Tyq ñhf.dia we;af;a 1909 ckjdß 18 Èkhs'
l=iqïisß úchj¾Ok